The prevalence rates vary depending on the underlying classification system, and boys are diagnosed about two to three times more often with ADHD than girls ( 3– 5). The prevalence of attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents is estimated to be between 2 and 7% ( 1), whereby some studies found prevalence rates up to 16% in certain age groups ( 2). Introduction Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder To conclude, carefully applied guideline-based diagnostics to clarify the potential presence of ADHD as well as a responsible prescription practice in a well-defined therapeutic setting with reliable monitoring of medication intake and regular consultations are essential conditions for a safe and proficient MPH treatment of ADHD in patients with SUD. MPH should not be deprived of these patients because of the risk for misuse, especially as several strategies can be applied to minimize this risk. However, it is essential to diagnose and treat ADHD adequately as appropriate therapy reduces the impairments, as well as the risk of developing comorbid disorders and poor treatment response. Because of concerns about misuse and diversion of MPH medication, clinicians may be reluctant to use MPH to manage ADHD symptoms in these patients. Appropriate treatment is therefore complex. However, because of its stimulant-like reinforcing properties, MPH has a significant addictive potential to which persons with SUDs are especially susceptible. MPH is considered as first-line pharmacotherapy for ADHD. This narrative review deals with the question of whether or not adults with both disorders should be treated with methylphenidate (MPH), addressing specific issues surrounding this form of treatment. The higher-than-normal prevalence rates of SUDs in people with ADHD indicate increased risk for developing SUD. ADHD and substance use disorders (SUDs) commonly co-occur in the clinical adult population.
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